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Alfonso XI (13 August 1311 - 26/27 March 1350) was the king of Castile, León and Galicia. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313. His grandmother, María de Molina, his mother Constance, his granduncle John and uncle Peter, assumed regency. Queen Constance died first in 18 November 1313, followed by Infante John and Infante Peter during a military campaign against Granada in 1319, which left Dowager Queen María as the only regent until her death in 1 July 1321. Since Infante John's and Infante Peter's deaths in 1339, Infante Philip (son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, thus brother of Infante Peter), Juan Manuel (the king's second-degree uncle by virtue of being Ferdinand III's grandson) and Juan el Tuerto (the late Juan's son and the king's second-degree uncle) split the kingdom among themselves according to their aspirations for regency, even as it was being looted by moors and Levantine nobility. Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power. His achievements include solving the problems of the Gibraltar Strait and the conquest of Algeciras. Life As soon as he took the throne, he began working hard to strengthen royal power by dividing his enemies. His early display of rulership skills included the unhesitant execution of possible opponents (Don Juan el Tuerto in 1326, among others). He managed to extend the limits of his kingdom to the Strait of Gibraltar after the important victory at the Battle of Río Salado against the Marinid Dynasty in 1340 and the conquest of the Kingdom of Algeciras in 1344. Once that conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the Moorish king of Granada. He is variously known among Castilian kings as the Avenger or the Implacable, and as "He of Río Salado." The first two names he earned by the ferocity with which he repressed the disorders caused by the nobles during his long minority; the third by his victory in the Battle of Río Salado over the last formidable Marinid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1340. Alfonso XI never went to the insane lengths of his son Peter of Castile, but he could be bloody in his methods. He killed for reasons of state without any form of trial. He openly neglected his wife, Maria of Portugal, and indulged a scandalous passion for Eleanor of Guzman, who bore him ten children. This set Peter an example which he failed to better. It may be that his early death, during the Great Plague of 1350, at the Fifth Siege of Gibraltar, only averted a desperate struggle with Peter, though it was a misfortune in that it removed a ruler of eminent capacity, who understood his subjects well enough not to go too far. Marriage and children Alfonso XI first married Costanza Manuel of Castile on 1325, but had the union annulled two years later. His second marriage, in 1328, was to Maria of Portugal, daughter of Alfonso IV of Portugal.[1] They had: Ferdinand (Valladolid, 1332-1333) Peter of Castile. By his mistress, Eleanor of Guzman, he had ten children: Pedro Alfonso, 1st Lord of Aguilar de Campoo (1330-1338) Juana Alfonso, 1st Lady of Trastámara (born 1330) Sancho Alfonso, 1st Lord of Ledesma (1331-1343) Henry Alfonso of Trastámara (1334-1379) Fadrique Alfonso, Master of the Order of Santiago and 1st Lord of Haro; (born 1334) twin to Henry ll Fernando Alfonso, 2nd Lord of Ledesma Tello Alfonso, 1st Lord of Aguilar de Campoo (1337-1370) Juan Alfonso, 1st Lord of Badajoz and Jerez de la Frontera (1341-1359) Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque (1342-1375) Pedro Alfonso (1345-1359) After Alfonso's death, his widow Maria had Eleanor arrested and later killed.[2] Appearance "...King Alfonso was not very tall but well proportioned, and he was rather strong and had fair skin and hair." From 'Crónica de Pedro' by Pedro López de Ayala (1332-1407). Notes Jump up ^ Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 75. Jump up ^ Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, (The MacMillan Company, 1922), 118. References Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, The MacMillan Company, 1922. Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, Routledge, 2003. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
William B.
