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Géza II (Hungarian: II. Géza, Croatian: Gejza II), (1130, Tolna - 31 May 1162), was King of Hungary, King of Croatia, Dalmatia and Rama (1141-1162). He ascended the throne as a child, his mother and uncle having governed the kingdom before then. He was one of the most powerful monarchs of Hungary, and intervened successfully in the internal affairs of neighbouring countries. Early years Géza was the eldest son of Béla the Blind, the future King of Hungary and his wife, Helena of Raška.[1] He was born in 1130.[2] At his birth, his parents lived in the estates that King Stephen II of Hungary had granted to them in Tolna.[1] Géza's father, who had been blinded in the 1110s, succeeded King Stephen in the spring of 1131.[3] In a couple of months, Queen Helena took Géza and his younger brother, Ladislaus to an assembly held at Arad, where she ordered the massacre of "sixty-eight" noblemen "by whose counsel the King had been blinded",[4] according to the Illuminated Chronicle.[5] There is no more record of Géza's life before his coronation.[5] Reign The minor king (1141-1146) King Béla died on 13 February 1141 and Géza succeeded him without opposition.[6] The eleven-year-old Géza was crowned king on 16 February.[1][7] For Géza was a minor, his mother and her brother, Beloš ruled the kingdom in the first years of his reign.[6][1] One of Géza's first charters, issued in 1141, confirmed the privileges of the citizens of Split in Dalmatia.[8] In the charter, Géza is titled as "By the Grace of God, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia and Rama".[1] According to historian Paul Stephenson, the towns of central Dalmatia-including Šibenik and Trogir-accepted Géza's suzerainty after a Hungarian invasion around 1142.[9] Hungarian troops assisted Prince Volodimerko of Halych-who had been the ally of Géza's father against the pretender Boris-when Great Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev invaded Halych in 1144.[8][10] Although the Hungarian auxiliaries "were of no use whatsoever", according to the Hypatian Codex, the grand prince could not occupy Volodimerko's principality.[11][8] Boris was the son of Eufemia of Kiev, King Coloman of Hungary's second wife, whom the king expelled on charge of adultery before Boris's birth.[6] According to the chronicler Bishop Otto of Freising, Boris approached Conrad III of Germany for seeking his assistance against Géza at the end of 1145.[8] Upon the recommendation of Vladislav II of Bohemia, the German monarch authorized Boris to muster an army of mercenaries in Bavaria and Austria.[8] Boris stormed Hungary and took the fortress of Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia).[12][8] The royal forces soon imposed a blockade on the fortress and convinced Boris's mercenaries to surrender without resistance in exchange for a compensation.[8][13] The Hungarians blamed Conrad III for Boris's attack and decided to invade the Holy Roman Empire.[14] Before crossing the river Lajta (Leitha, Austria), which marked the western border of Hungary, the sixteen-year-old Géza was girded with a sword in token of his coming of age.[15] In the Battle of the Fischa on 11 September, the Hungarian army under the command of Géza and Beloš routed the German troops led by Henry Jasomirgott, Margrave of Austria.[14] The Crusaders' march across Hungary (1146-1147) Géza married Euphrosyne, sister of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev in the second half of 1146.[16] For the German-Hungarian relations remained tense,[6] Boris attempted to take advantage of Conrad III's decision to lead a crusade to the Holy Land across Hungary.[17] However, Géza, who knew that "he could conquer more easily by gold than by force, poured out much money among the Germans and thus escaped an attack from them",[18] according to the chronicler Odo of Deuil.[19] The German crusaders marched across Hungary without major incidents in June 1147.[19][20] The Illuminated Chronicle relates that some Hungarian noblemen promised Boris "if he could make his way into the kingdom, many would take him for their lord and, deserting the King, would cleave to him".[19][21] Boris convinced two French noblemen to assist him in hiding among the French crusaders who followed the Germans towards the Holy Land.[19] King Louis VII of France and his crusaders arrived in Hungary in August.[22] Géza learnt that his opponent was with the French and demanded his extradition.[19] Although Louis VII rejected this demand, he held Boris in custody and "took him out of Hungary",[23] according to Odo of Deuil.[19] Having left Hungary, Boris settled in the Byzantine Empire.[19] Active foreign policy (1147-1155) Disputes among European powers led to the formation of two coalitions in the late 1140s.[24] One of the two blocks was centred upon an alliance formed by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Conrad III.[25] This alliance was formed against Roger II of Sicily who had invaded Byzantine territories.[26] In this dispute, Géza sided with Roger II and his allies, including the rebellious German prince, Welf VI and Uroš II of Rascia.[27][28] Géza sent reinforcements to his brother-in-law, Grand Prince Iziaslav II, against Prince Vladimir of Chernigov in the spring of 1148.[29] Iziaslav II, whom Yuri Dolgorukiy, Prince of Suzdal expelled from Kiev in August 1149,[30] sought again assistance from Géza.[31] However, according to the Hypatian Codex, Géza "excused himself" because he was "engaged in war" with Emperor Manuel.[31] The emperor's panegyrist Theodore Prodromus writes of an alliance between the Hungarians and the Serbs of Rascia, suggesting that Géza supported the Serbs who rose up in revolt against the Byzantines.[32] Hungarian auxiliaries assisted Iziaslav II in reoccupying Kiev in early spring of 1150, but he was in short expelled by Yuri Dolgorukiy.[33] Géza led his army against Volodimirko of Halych, a close ally of Yuri Dolgorukiy, in autumn of 1150.[29] He took Sanok, but his commanders, bribed by Volodimirko, induced him to return from Halych before November.[29] In the same period, Géza sent "a countless ... force of Hungarian cavalry"[34] to assist the Serbs, but the Byzantine army routed the allied Serbian and Hungarian troops on the river Tara in September 1150.[35][27] The Byzantine victory forced Uroš II of Rascia to acknowledge Emperor Manuel's suzerainty.[36] The emperor launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary and ravaged the lands between the rivers Száva and Danube.[37][38] Assisted by Byzantine troops, the pretender Boris also broke into Hungary and devastated the valley of the river Temes.[37][39] Géza-who had just returned from Halych-did not want to "involve the remaining Hungarian force in destruction"[40] and sued for peace.[37] The peace treaty was signed at the turn of 1150 and 1151.[37][39] In 1152, Géza and Iziaslav II joined together against Halych, and defeated Volodymyrko's armies at the San River. Géza had to return to his kingdom because, during his campaign, Boris attacked the southern territories of Hungary supported by Byzantine troops. However, Géza would defeat the pretender and made a truce with the Byzantine Empire. In 1154, he supported the rebellion of Andronikos Komnenos against Emperor Manuel I and laid siege to Barancs, but the emperor had overcome his cousin's conspiracy and liberated the fortress. In 1157, Géza's younger brother, Stephen conspired against him supported by their uncle, Beloš. After Géza defeated their conspiracy, Stephen fled to the court of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Géza sent envoys to the emperor and promised to assist him with troops against Milan prompting Frederick to refuse any support from Stephen, who then fled to Constantinople. Stephen was followed, in 1159, by Géza's other brother, Ladislaus, who had also conspired against Géza. In 1161, inspired by the new Archbishop of Esztergom, Lukács, Géza not only acknowledged the legitimacy of Pope Alexander III instead of Antipope Victor IV, who had been supported by Emperor Frederick I, but he also renounced the right of investiture. He was buried in Székesfehérvár. Marriage and children King Géza married Euphrosyne of Kiev (c. 1130 - c. 1193), daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev and his second wife, Liubava Dmitrievna. Géza and Euphrosyne had the following children: King Stephen III of Hungary (1147 - 4 March 1172). King Béla III of Hungary (1148 - 23 April 1196). Elisabeth (c. 1149 - after 1189), wife of Duke Frederick of Bohemia. Duke Géza (c. 1150 - before 1210). Arpad, died young. Odola (1156 - 1199), wife of Duke Sviatopluk of Bohemia. Helena (c. 1158 - 25 May 1199), wife of Duke Leopold V of Austria. Margaret (Margit) (1162 - ?), born posthumously; wife firstly of Isaac Macrodukas and secondly of András, Obergespan of Somogy. Titles King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia and Rama References ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 175. Jump up ^ Makk 1994, p. 236. Jump up ^ Engel 2001, pp. 35,50. Jump up ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136. ^ Jump up to: a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 166. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Engel 2001, p. 50. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, p. 35. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Makk 1989, p. 36. Jump up ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 226. Jump up ^ Dimnik 1994, p. 401. Jump up ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 401-402. Jump up ^ Bartl et al. Segeš, p. 29. Jump up ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 178. ^ Jump up to: a b Makk 1989, p. 39. Jump up ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 178-179. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, p. 41. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, pp. 39-40. Jump up ^ Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East, p. 35. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Makk 1989, p. 40. Jump up ^ Runciman 1951, p. 260. Jump up ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 166.120), p. 138. Jump up ^ Runciman 1951, pp. 262-263. Jump up ^ Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East, p. 35. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, pp. 42, 44-45. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, pp. 44-45. Jump up ^ Fine 1991, p. 236. ^ Jump up to: a b Fine 1991, p. 237. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, pp. 45-46. ^ Jump up to: a b c Makk 1989, p. 47. Jump up ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 57. ^ Jump up to: a b Makk 1989, p. 50. Jump up ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 225. Jump up ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 62-63. Jump up ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (3.8), p. 86. Jump up ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 225-226, 230. Jump up ^ Fine 1991, pp. 237-238. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Stephenson 2000, p. 230. Jump up ^ Makk 1989, p. 55. ^ Jump up to: a b Makk 1989, p. 56. Jump up ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (3.11), p. 94. Sources Primary sources Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Peric, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbic, Mirjana Matijevic Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. ISBN 963-7326-59-6. Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East (Edited with an English Translation by Virginia Gingerick Berry) (1948). Columbia University Press. Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04080-6. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezso Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1. Secondary sources Bartl, Július; Cicaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. ISBN 0-86516-444-4. Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6. Dimnik, Martin (1994). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054-1146. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-116-9. Dimnik, Martin (2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146-1246. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3. Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. (Hungarian) Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [=Rulers of the House of Árpád]. I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3. Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X. (Hungarian) Makk, Ferenc (1994). "II. Géza". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) [=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)]. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 236. ISBN 963-05-6722-9. Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06162-8. Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02756-4. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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