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Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1443 - 21 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman and politician. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the great grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. He served four monarchs as a soldier and statesman. Early life Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns (died 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery.[1] He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.[2] Service under Edward IV While a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severely wounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.[2] He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York, and Lady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).[3] Service under Richard III After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard's coronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey.[2] Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham.[3] Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years. Service under Henry VII Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499.[3] In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June of that year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham (Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's "executive triumvirate".[3] He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 he was involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her wedding to King James IV.[3] Service under Henry VIII Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King Henry VIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter James IV launched an invasion, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons Thomas and Edmund, crushed James's much larger force near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514 he was created Duke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour of Flodden with an escutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.[3] Final years In the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517 he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trial of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".[3] By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England.[4] After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.[citation needed] Marriages and issue On 30 April 1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners.[5] They had issue: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk[2] Sir Edward Howard[6] Lord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine Howard[7] Sir John Howard[2] Henry Howard[2] Charles Howard[2] Henry Howard (the younger)[2] Richard Howard[2] Elizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.[8] Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstly John Grey, Viscount Lisle (died 1504), and secondly Sir Thomas Knyvet[9] Norfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue: William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham[10] Lord Thomas Howard (1511-1537)[11] Richard Howard (died 1517)[12] Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby[13] Anne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford[14] Catherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Married secondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater. Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex. Footnotes Richardson 2004, pp. 236, 504; Cokayne 1936, pp. 41, 612 Richardson 2004, p. 236 Head 2008. Head 2008; Cokayne 1936 Richardson 2004, pp. 141, 236; Cokayne 1912, pp. 153-154 Richardson 2004, p. 236; Loades 2008 Richardson 2004, p. 236;Warnicke 2008 Richardson 2004, p. 236; Hughes 2007 Richardson 2004, p. 236; Gunn 2008. Richardson 2004, p. 237 Richardson 2004, p. 237; Riordan 2004 Weir 1991, p. 619 Richardson 2004, p. 237; Cokayne 1916, pp. 209-211 Richardson 2004, p. 237; Cokayne 1945, pp. 244-245 Douglas Richardson. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 267-74. Douglas Richardson. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523-5. Alleged daughter of Henry de Beaumont, 3rd Lord and Margaret de Vere (Douglas Richardson. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523.) References Cokayne, George Edward (1912). The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs. II. London: St. Catherine Press. Cokayne, George Edward (1916). The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs. IV. London: St. Catherine Press. Cokayne, George Edward (1936). The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday. IX. London: St. Catherine Press. Cokayne, George Edward (1945). The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday. X. London: St. Catherine Press. Cokayne, George Edward (1953). The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White. XII, Part I. London: St. Catherine Press. Davies, Catherine (2008). Howard (née Tilney), Agnes, duchess of Norfolk (b. in or before 1477, d. 1545), noblewoman. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Gunn, S.J. (2008). Knyvet, Sir Thomas (c.1485-1512), courtier and sea captain. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Head, David M. (2008). Howard, Thomas, second duke of Norfolk (1443-1524), magnate and soldier. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Hughes, Jonathan (2007). Boleyn, Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and earl of Ormond (1476/7-1539), courtier and nobleman. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Knafla, Louis A. (2008). Stanley, Edward, third earl of Derby (1509-1572), magnate. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Loades, David (2008). Howard, Sir Edward (1476/7-1513), naval commander. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2011. McDermott, James (2008). Howard, William, first Baron Howard of Effingham (c.1510-1573), naval commander. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Richardson, Douglas (2004). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2011. Riordan, Michael (2004). Howard, Lord Thomas (c.1512-1537), courtier. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Ridgard, John (1985). Medieval Framlingham. 27. Woodbridge: Suffolk Record Society. Warnicke, Retha M. (2008). Katherine (Catherine; nee Katherine Howard) (1518x24-1542), queen of England and Ireland, fifth consort of Henry VIII. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Another version: Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443-1524) and 1st Earl of Surrey, fought for King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, following which he was imprisoned for several years before having his titles and estates restored. He continued in the service of the Tudor dynasty and was Lieutenant General of the North and largely responsible for the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He was the father of the more famous Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. The Duke of Norfolk is the Premier Duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the Premier Earl. He also holds the hereditary position of Earl Marshal, which has the duty of organizing state openings of parliament. For the last five centuries, save some periods when it was under attainder, both the Dukedom and the Earl-Marshalship have been in the hands of the Howard family. Norfolk is one of only two hereditary peers automatically admitted to the House of Lords, without being elected by the general body of hereditary peers, due to his duties as Earl Marshal. Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312. It passed to his daughter Margaret, and then to her grandson Thomas Mowbray. When King Richard II created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal) that had belonged to the Bigod earls. His elderly grandmother Margaret was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Thomas Mowbray was the 1st Duke of Norfolk, but John Mowbray, the 4th duke, died without male issue in 1476 (his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne), and there was no duke until John Howard (son of Thomas Mowbray's elder daughter Margaret) was created 1st Duke of Norfolk in 1483. http://en.wikipedia.org Third version: Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Earl Marshall of England. The Complete Peerage vol.XIIpI,p.513. Fought on the wrong side at the battle of Bosworth, his father was killed and was taken prisoner by Henry VII, attainted, and placed in the Tower of London. Thomas Howard, stripped of his lands and titles, remained in prison for 3 years. Was released 1489. Henry VII needed a good general to fight the Scots. Thomas, who had been trained as a soldier all his life and was a good general, was released from prison and his title Earl of Surrey, which he had received in 1483, was restored. But his lands and the dukedom were not. He was entrusted by Henry VII with the care of the northern borders. As the King's lieutenant of the north, Surrey suppressed the English rebels and advanced against the King of Scots seizing several castles along the border. The King of Scots refused to fight Surrey and disbanded his army. As part of the peace settlement Henry VII's daughter Margaret married James, King of Scotland. Surrey and his wife escorted Margaret to Scotland to seal the Anglo-Scots peace by marrying James IV, and the Earl's entire family went along. On 25 Jun 1501 Surrey was confirmed as Lord Treasurer and, as one of the great officers of state, became one of the executive triunvirate of Henry's council, along with Richard Fox, lord privy seal, and William Warham. The Earl was constantly at court and in council, serving as the only prominent titled noble among Henry VII's heavily ecclesiastical inner circle. Surrey, his son Thomas, Fox and several others were given charge of negotiations which led to a treaty in 1508 binding Charles of Burgundy, grandson of the Emperor Maximilian, to wed Henry's younger daughter Mary. At the death of Henry VII in Apr 1509 Surrey was named an executor of the King's will and at the burial stood by the grave with the other officials of state and household who broke their staves of office and cast them down. At the coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Surrey served as Earl Marshal. His son Sir Thomas was also involved in the passing of the crown, being paid five hundred marks along with Sir John Carre on 24 May for his services in Henry VII's funeral and Henry VIII's coronation. For the Howards, the transition from Henry VII to his son was far smoother than that from Richard III to the first Tudor. Surrey and his sons were anxious to prove their loyalty and usefulness. The dukedom of Norfolk still stood as the last great reward to be earned; the Howards were prepared to study the new King Henry VIII, to judge how best to serve him, and to win reward for that service. The Earl of Surrey, as treasurer, has been accused of using his position to encourage the King to lavish expenditure and wasteful pageantry, dissipating the resources of the crown in order to worm the Howard family into Henry's closest circle. In November 1509, Surrey, Thomas and Edmund Howard and Thomas Boleyn obtained the lease of the lands of Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir John Grey, Viscount Lisle. Lisle had died in 1504, but had been married to Surrey's daughter Muriel, who later wed Thomas Knyvett. Thus the lands of this minor niece were retained in Howard hands pending her marriage. Although an influential member of Henry VIII’s privy council, he was gradually forced to relinquish much of his power to the ascending Thomas Wolsey. Norfolk was no courtier and didn't play much of a role in the affairs of state after that. Cardinal Wolsey held the power then and saw to it that men like Norfolk didn't gain too much influence with the King. Wolsey was soon seeking an independent position on the council and encouraging Henry to seek martial glory in France. The Howards favored action against a nearer and more pressing enemy, the Scots. In the summer of 1511, Thomas and Edward Howard were sent out to engage Andrew Barton, a favorite sea captain of James IV. Barton, sailing with letters of marque against Portugal, had taken several English ships on the pretext that they were carrying Portuguese goods. Henry was willing to view Barton as a pirate; without complaining to James, the King turned the Howards loose to capture him. In the ensuing fight, a full-scale sea battle in the Channel, Barton was killed and his two ships, captured. James was angry enough to fight had England pursued the matter but, despite Surrey's prodding, Henry still thought it more rewarding to attack France. Wolsey had persuaded the King to risk greater dangers to seek a greater prize. Surrey may have overplayed his hand in pushing Henry to follow up the defeat of Barton with further action against the Scots, for on 30 September, Wolsey wrote to Fox that the Earl had been so discountenanced by his latest meeting with Henry that he had retired from court, leaving the field to the anti-French party. Nonetheless, the Howards continued their stirrings against Scotland, for Wolsey complained that Edward Howard used his closeness with Henry to urge the King to war with James. By November 1511, Surrey returned to court, ready to implement the king's chosen policy. Early in his reign Henry VIII crossed the Channel to France in an attempt to revive the English claim to the French throne. Fortunately he left the Earl of Surrey in England. The French campaign was a disaster. While Henry VIII was in France, King James of Scotland invaded England with an army 30,000. Surrey rushed to the defense with an army of about 20,000. The battle of Flodden was a disaster for James and the Scots. Over 10,000 of his men were killed, including many Scottish peers. King James died only a few feet from Surrey. Although King Henry was most likely jealous of Surrey's success and his own failure, he restored the titles of Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshall to him. Surrey was the toast of England. And the Scottish border was secure for many years. In 1517 Norfolk put down a revolt by the London apprentices. Afterward he persuaded Henry not to treat them harshly. When King Henry returned to France for The Field of the Cloth of Gold he left Norfolk at home in charge of the country. He served as guardian of the realm during Henry’s absence in 1520. In 1521, acting as Lord High Steward, he was compelled to sentence his friend Edward Stafford, 3° Duke of Buckingham, to death. In 1522 Norfolk was sent as Ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V von Habsburg, who honored him by making his eldest son Admiral of the Imperial Dominions. He died in 1524 in the great castle of Framlingham which had once been the seat of the Mowbray dukes of Norfolk and before that had been home to the Bigods, Earls for Norfolk during the Norman era. He was about 80. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite
William B.
