Eadweard of WESSEX

Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy EADWEARD, son of ALFRED King of Wessex & his wife Ealhswith([872]-Farndon-on-Dee near Chester 17 Jul 924, bur WinchesterCathedral[1621]). "Eadwardum" is named by Roger of Hoveden as theyounger of King Alfred's sons by Queen Ealswith[1622]."Edward/Eadweard filius regis" subscribed charters of King Alfreddated 871 and 892 (two)[1623]. He defeated the Danes at Fareham 893."Eadweard rex" subscribed a charter of King Alfred dated 898[1624],implying that he was crowned in the lifetime of his father. Hesucceeded his father in 899 as EDWARD "the Elder" King of Wessex,crowned 31 May or 9 Jun 900 at Kingston-upon-Thames. He was facedsoon after by the rebellion of his first cousin Æthelwold, son ofÆthelred I King of Wessex, whom he finally defeated at the battle ofthe Holm in [902/05]. King Edward attacked the Danes in Northumbriain 909 and forced them to accept peace on his terms. The Danescountered by raiding Mercia as far as the Bristol Avon, but Edwarddefeated them at Tettenhall 5 Aug 910. In 911, Edward occupied Londonand Oxford, and in Summer 912 he attacked the Danes in Essex. KingEdward continued northwards in 915, occupying Bedford. Edward began amajor offensive against the Danes in the Midlands in 917, helped bythe Mercian troops of his sister Æthelflæd. After his sister's deathin 918, King Edward seized Tamworth to ensure the loyalty of Mercia,but left his niece Ælfwynn in nominal authority in Mercia until thewinter of 919 when he had her taken to Wessex, marking the finalintegration of Mercia into Wessex. This was followed by thesubmission to him by the Welsh kings of Gwynedd, Dyfed and the landsbetween Merioneth and Gower, which made King Edward overlord of majorparts of Wales. Edward then turned his attention to the reconquest ofthe remaining Danish colonies south of the river Humber, which hecompleted by 920, culminating with the submission to him of RægnaldKing of York, Ealdred of Bamburgh and the king and people ofStrathclyde[1625]. He was suppressing a revolt in Chester when hedied. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death of King Edward atFarndon-on-Dee in Mercia in 924 and his burial at Winchester[1626]. m firstly ([892/94]) ECGWYNN, daughter of --- (-[901/02]). Roger ofHoveden names "muliere nobilissima Egcwinna", but does not refer toher as "regina" in contrast to King Edward's third wife[1627].Florence of Worcester says that the mother of Edward's first born sonwas "a woman of very noble birth named Egwina"[1628]. According toWilliam of Malmesbury, she was "an illustrious lady" but at anotherpoint in his text calls her "a shepherd's daughter"[1629]. The Bookof Hyde names "Egwynna..quædam pastoris filia" as concubine of KingEadweard[1630]. Roger of Wendover names "concubine…Egwynna" as motherof King Edward´s "filium…primogenitum Ethelstanum"[1631]. Theaccession of her son King Æthelstan in 924 was challenged apparentlyon the grounds that he was "born of a concubine"[1632]. However,Æthelstan is named ahead of his half-brother Ælfweard in the list ofsubscribers in two charters of their father[1633], indicating hisseniority and presumably implying the legitimacy of his parents'union. m secondly (901 or before) ÆLFLÆD, daughter of ealdorman ÆTHELHELM &his wife Ælswitha --- (-920, bur Winchester Cathedral[1634])."Elffled coniux regis" subscribed a 901 charter of King Edward[1635].The Book of Hyde names "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda" as first wifeof King Eadweard[1636]. Roger of Wendover calls her "secunda reginasua…Alfleda, Elfelmi comitis filia"[1637]. m thirdly (920) EADGIFU, daughter of SIGEHELM Lord of Meopham, Coolingand Lenham in Kent & his wife --- (-26 Aug 968, bur CanterburyCathedral). "Eadgifu regis mater" subscribed charters of Kings Edmundand Eadred between 940 and 953[1638]. Eadgifu recited her title toland at Cooling by charter dated 959 which names her father Sigelm andrecords that he was killed in battle[1639]. King Eadred granted landin Berkshire to "Aedgyfu regis mater" in 945[1640]. King Eadredgranted land at Felpham, Sussex to "Eadgifu famula dei matri mee" bycharter dated 953[1641]. She appears to have supported her grandsonEdgar against Eadwig in 957, the latter depriving her of her property."Eadgifu hil ealdan moder/predicti regis aua" subscribed charters ofKing Edgar dated [959/63] and 966[1642]. King Edward "the Elder" & his first wife had three children: 1. ÆLFRED ([893/94]-[901]). "Elfredus filius regis"subscribed a charter of King Edward dated 901, named first in order ofthe subscribers before that of "Ethelwardus filius regis" (assumed tobe King Edward's younger brother) and "Æthelstan filius regis"(assumed to be King Edward's son). Assuming this entry is not amistake, Ælfred must have been either the brother or the son of KingEdward. If the brother, it is likely that he was older thanÆthelweard whom he precedes in the list. If the son, it is likelythat he was older than Æthelstan. Looking at naming patterns, it ismore likely that he was King Edward's son as there appears to be nocase in the Wessex royal family before [1016/17][1643] of a son beingnamed after his father. In addition, there is no reason to doubt thatAsser's list of the children of King Alfred is not exhaustive, as heeven names his son Edmund who died in infancy. This speculation iscorroborated by the Book of Hyde which names "Athelstanum…et Elfredumet Edgytham" as the children of King Eadweard "ex concubinaEgwynna"[1644], although this suggests that Ælfred was younger thanÆthelstan. It is assumed that Ælfred died soon after the date of thischarter as no other references to him have been found. 2. ÆTHELSTAN ([895]-Gloucester 27 Oct 939, bur MalmesburyAbbey, Wiltshire[1645]). Roger of Hoveden gives his parentage,specifying that he was his father's oldest son[1646]. "Æthelstanfilius regis" subscribed charters of King Edward dated 901 (named inthe list of subscribers after "Elfredus filius regis" and "Ethelwardusfilius regis") and 909 (two, in both of which he is named second after"Æthelwerd frater regis")[1647]. He was brought up in the householdof his uncle Æthelred ealdorman of Mercia[1648]. He succeeded hisfather in 924 as ÆTHELSTAN King of Wessex, and was independentlyrecognised as King of the Mercians[1649]. He was crowned atKingston-upon-Thames 4 Sep 925. William of Malmesbury records thatKing Æthelstan's succession was challenged by "Elfred" (who has notbeen idenfified, unless it refers to his half-brother who in othersources is named Ælfweard)[1650]. Sihtric King of York proposed analliance with him in 925, sealed by his marriage to Æthelstan'ssister. After the death of his brother-in-law, Æthelstan invaded Yorkand expelled Sihtric's son and successor Olaf. The rulers ofScotland, Strathclyde and Bamburgh acknowledged Æthelstan as overlordat Eamont near Penrith 12 Jul 927. He agreed the frontier with theWelsh princes along the river Wye at a meeting in Hereford in [930],exacting a heavy tribute from them. He also agreed the frontier withthe Britons of Cornwall along the river Tamar in [931], and installeda British bishop in the recently established see of St Germans. In934, he launched an attack on Scotland, the army pressing as far asFordun in Kincardineshire, the navy ravaging the coast up toCaithness. He helped Alain de Porhoët re-establish himself as Comtede Vannes et de Nantes in Brittany in 936. He was able to build anetwork of alliances with neighbouring foreign powers through themarriages of his half-sisters. He defeated a joint invasion by OlafGuthfrithson (claimant to the kingdom of York), Constantine King ofScotland and Owen King of Strathclyde at Brunanburh in 937. In manyof his charters he is described as "King of the English and ruler ofall Britain"[1651]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death 27Oct [940/41] of King Athelstan[1652]. 3. EADGYTH ([895/902]-, bur Tamworth). The Book of Hyde names"Athelstanum…et Elfredum et Edgytham" as the children of King Eadweard"ex concubina Egwynna", specifying that Eadgyth married "Sirichio regiNorthanhymbrorum" and was buried at Tamworth[1653]. The Anglo-SaxonChronicle states that "King Athelstan [gave] Sihtric king ofNorthumbria…his sister in marriage" at Tamworth 30 Jan 925[1654]. Hermarriage was arranged to seal the alliance which Sihtric King of Yorkproposed to her brother. After her husband's death, she became a nunat Polesworth Abbey, Warwickshire in 927, transferring to TamworthAbbey, Gloucestershire where she was elected Abbess. Later canonisedas St Edith of Polesworth or St Edith of Tamworth, her feast day is 15or 19 July[1655]. m (Tamworth 30 Jan 926) as his second wife, SIHTRIC"Caoch" Danish King of York, son of --- (-[926/27]). King Edward "the Elder" & his second wife had [nine] children: 4. EDFLEDA (-bur Wilton Abbey, Wiltshire[1656]). William ofMalmesbury names (in order) "Edfleda, Edgiva, Ethelhilda, Ethilda,Edgitha, Elfgiva" as the six daughters of King Eadweard & his wife"Elfleda", specifying that Edfleda became a nun[1657]. A manuscriptwhich recounts the founding of Wilton Monastery, records that “rexAlrudus” (referring to Alfred King of Wessex) installed “Elfledæinfantis, et filiæ principis Edwardi senioris” at Wilton abbey[1658].It is not known whether this refers to King Eadweard´s daughterEdfleda, but in any case the report must be anachronistic consideringthe date of death of King Alfred and the likely dates of birth of KingEadweard´s children. Nun, maybe at Winchester[1659]. 5. [ÆTHELFLEDA (-bur Romsey Abbey, Hampshire). The Book ofHyde names "Elfledam sanctam" as first of the six daughters of KingEadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifyingthat she was buried "apud Romeyam"[1660]. It is possible that this isthe same daughter who is called "Edfleda" by William of Malmesbury.] 6. EADGIFU ([902/05]-26 Sep after 951, bur Abbaye deSaint-Médard de Soissons). William of Malmesbury names (in order)"Edfleda, Edgiva, Ethelhilda, Ethilda, Edgitha, Elfgiva" as the sixdaughters of King Eadweard & his wife "Elfleda", specifying thatEdgiva married "king Charles"[1661]. The Book of Hyde names "Edgivam"as second of the six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife"Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifying that she married "Karoloregi Francorum filio Lodowyci"[1662]. Her birth date range isestimated from the birth of Eadgifu's son in [920/21]. If this iscorrect, Eadgifu must have been one of King Edward's oldest childrenby his second marriage. She fled with her two-year-old son to Englandin 923 after her first husband was deposed. She returned to France in936. Abbess of Notre Dame de Laon, resigned 951. Flodoard names"Ottogeba regina, mater Ludowici regis" when recording her secondmarriage[1663]. m firstly ([917/19]) as his second wife, CHARLES III"le Simple" King of the Franks, son of LOUIS II "le Bègue" King of theWest Franks & his second wife Adélaïde [d'Angoulême] (posthumously 17Sep 879-Péronne 7 Oct 929, bur Péronne St Fursy). m secondly (951)HERIBERT Comte "le Vieux" [de Vermandois], son of HERIBERT [II] Comtede Vermandois [Carolingian] & his wife Adela de Paris Capet. He succeeded his brother Robert in 967 as Comtede Meaux et de Troyes. 7. ÆLFWEARD (-Oxford 2 Aug 924, bur Winchester Cathedral)."Ælfweard filius regis" subscribed two charters of King Edward dated909, in both of which he was named third in the list of subscribersafter "Æthelweard frater regis" and "Æthelstan filius regis"[1664].The Book of Hyde names "Ethelwardum…et Edwynum" as the two sons ofKing Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda"[1665].According to William of Malmesbury, he was "deeply versed inliterature"[1666]. William of Malmesbury says that "King Edwardtherefore dying, was shortly followed by his legitimate sonÆlfweard"[1667], which could be interpreted as indicating thatÆlfweard briefly succeeded his father as king before his own earlydeath, although the more likely interpretation of the text is simplythat Ælfweard died soon after his father. At another point in hisnarrative, Malmesbury asserts that Ælfweard's half-brother Æthelstansucceeded "as his father had commanded in his will"[1668], whichappears to exclude the possible accession of Ælfweard. Florence ofWorcester records that King Eadward left his kingdom to "Æthelstanofilio", and that not long afterwards "filius eius Ælfwardus" died"apud Oxenafordam"[1669]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the deathin 924 of "his [King Edward's] son Ælfweard…at Oxford" 16 days afterhis father died and his burial at Winchester[1670]. 8. EADWINE (-drowned English Channel 933, bur St Bertin'sAbbey, Flanders). The Book of Hyde names "Ethelwardum…et Edwynum" asthe two sons of King Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitis filiaElfleda"[1671]. According to William of Malmesbury, he was accused ofinvolvement in the plot by Ælfred against his half-brother KingÆthelstan, was "driven into exile" but was drowned at sea whilecrossing the Channel, although the chronicler appears sceptical aboutthe truth of the story[1672]. Simeon of Durham records that "KingEthelstan ordered his brother Eadwin to be drowned in the sea" in933[1673]. The Annales Blandinienses record the death in 932 of"Edwinus rex Anglorum", which suggests that Edwin may have had Flemishsupport for his rebellion and that they recognised him as king[1674]. 9. ÆTHELHILD (-bur Wilton Abbey, Wiltshire[1675]). William ofMalmesbury names (in order) "Edfleda, Edgiva, Ethelhilda, Ethilda,Edgitha, Elfgiva" as the six daughters of King Eadweard & his wife"Elfleda" renounced "the pleasure of earthly nuptials…in a layhabit"[1676]. The Book of Hyde names "Etheltildam deodictam" as thirdof the six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmicomitis filia Elfleda", specifying that she was buried"Wyltoniæ"[1677]. Nun at Wilton. 10. EADHILD (-937). William of Malmesbury names (in order)"Edfleda, Edgiva, Ethelhilda, Ethilda, Edgitha, Elfgiva" as the sixdaughters of King Eadweard and his wife "Elfleda", specifying thatEthilda married "Hugh"[1678]. The Book of Hyde names "Ethyldam" asfourth of the six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife"Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifying that she married "paterHugonis Capet"[1679]. Flodoard mentions, but does not name, "filiamEadwardi regis Anglorum, sororem coniugis Karoli" when recording hermarriage to "Hugo filius Rotberti" in 926[1680]. m ([926]) as hissecond wife, HUGUES "le Grand" de France [Capet], son of ROBERT I Kingof France & his second wife Béatrix de Vermandois ([898]-Dourdan,Essonne Jun 956, bur Saint-Denis). At the time of his betrothal, hesent sumptuous gifts to King Athelstan, including spices, jewels,richly caparisoned horses, three holy relics and a gold crown[1681].He was granted the title Duc des Francs 25 Dec 936. 11. EADGYTH ([908/12][1682]-26 Jan 946, bur Magdeburg Cathedral).The Book of Hyde names "Edgitham et Elgimam" as fifth and sixth ofthe six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitisfilia Elfleda", specifying that they were both sent to "HenricoAlemanorum imperatori" and that the former married "filio suiOthoni"[1683]. Thietmar names "Edith…daughter of King Edmund ofEngland" when recording her marriage during the lifetime of Otto'sfather, in a later passage stating that she urged her husband to beginestablishing the city of Magdeburg[1684]. The Annalista Saxo recordsthe wife of Otto as "Ediht filiam Ehtmundi regis Anglorum"[1685].Thietmar records her death 26 Jan "in the eleventh year" of the reignof her husband, after 19 years of marriage, and her place ofburial[1686]. m (Sep 929) as his first wife, OTTO of Germany, son ofHEINRICH I "der Vogelsteller/the Fowler" King of Germany & his secondwife Mathilde --- (23 Nov 912-Memleben 7 May 973, bur Magdeburgcathedral). Associate King of Germany, with his father, 930. He waselected OTTO I "der Große" King of Germany 7 Aug 936. Crowned Emperorat Rome 2 Feb 962. 12. ÆLFGIFU. The Book of Hyde names "Edgitham et Elgimam" asfifth and sixth of the six daughters of King Eadweard by his firstwife "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifying that they were bothsent to "Henrico Alemanorum imperatori" and that the latter married"cuidam duci iuxta Alpes"[1687], who has not been identified.Hroswitha of Gandersheim describes her as "Adiva … younger in yearsand likewise inferior in merit" to her older sister Eadgyth,confirming that she accompanied to Germany to provide an alternativechoice of bride for Otto of Germany[1688]. According to William ofMalmesbury, she married "a certain Duke near the Alps"[1689]. Somepossibilities have been suggested concerning the identity of thehusband of Ælfgifu. A marriage with Boleslaw II "der Fromme" Duke ofthe Bohemians seems improbable chronologically. Although DukeBoleslaw's birth date is not known, the birth of his younger brotherStrakhvas is recorded on 28 Sep 929[1690]. If this is correct, itseems unlikely that Boleslaw could have been born much earlier than925 at the earliest, whereas Ælfgifu was probably born in the range[910/15] assuming that she was of marriageable age when she went toGermany with her sister. Another possibility is Ludwig Graf imThurgau, son of Rudolf I King of Upper Burgundy, who, according toEuropäische Stammtafeln[1691], married "Edgifa, daughter of Edward IKing of England". The latter suggestion is chronologicallyimplausible, assuming that it refers to Ælfgifu's younger half-sisterEadgifu who was married according to William of Malmesbury to "LouisPrince of Aquitaine" (see below), as King Rudolf's children wereprobably born between 880 and 900. A third possibility is that “iuxtaAlpes” should be interpreted as meaning the area south of the Alps,indicating south-eastern France or northern Italy, although it wouldbe fruitful to speculate on the identity of Ælfgifu´s husband if thisis correct given the number of possibilities, especially if the title“duci” should be interpreted broadly. m ---. King Edward "the Elder" & his third wife had four children: 13. EADMUND (921-murdered Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire 26 May946, bur Glastonbury Abbey[1692]). "Eadmundus regis frater"subscribed charters of King Æthelstan dated 931 and 939, under thelatter also being the grantee of land at Droxford, Hampshire[1693].He fought with his half-brother King Æthelstan at Brunanburh in937[1694]. He succeeded his half-brother in 939 as EDMUND King ofWessex, crowned 29 Nov 939 at Kingston-upon-Thames. Olaf GuthfrithsonKing of Dublin invaded England in 939 and by the end of that year hadoccupied York. In raids on northern Mercia the following year, KingOlaf took Tamworth and nearby land, and under a treaty agreed withKing Edmund took the whole of modern Leicestershire, Derbyshire,Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. King Olaf continued by invadingNorthumbria over the Tees, but died before the end of 940. KingEdmund regained the lost territories from Olaf's successor OlafSihtricson in 942. King Edmund brought Northumbria under his controlin 944, expelling both Olaf Sihtricson and Rægnald Guthfrithson fromYork. From that time he may be regarded as king of a united England.He ravaged Strathclyde in 945. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records thedeath on St Augustine's day 946 of King Edmund[1695]. Simeon ofDurham records that King Edmund was killed "VII Kal Jun" in 946 andburied at Glastonbury[1696]. Florence of Worcester records that hewas stabbed to death by Leof "a ruffianly thief" while attempting todefend his steward from being robbed[1697]. [m firstly] ([940])ÆLFGIFU, daughter of --- & his wife Wynflæd --- (-Shaftesbury Abbeyafter 943). "Alfgifu concubine regis" subscribed a 943 charter ofKing Edmund[1698]. This reference suggests that Ælfgifu was notmarried to King Edmund, corroborated by another charter of the sameyear1702 in which his [second] wife is differentiated by the epithet"regina" and the dating of which (if accurate) suggests that theking's relationship with both "wives" was simultaneous. If this iscorrect, Ælfgifu's date of death cannot necessarily be assumed to be[944/46]. She was popularly reputed a saint after her death as StElgiva[1699]. Ælfgifu was probably the daughter of Wynflæd as"Wynflæd aua mea" is named in King Edgar's grant of confirmations toShaftesbury Abbey dated 966[1700]. m [secondly] (943 or before)ÆTHELFLÆD, daughter of ÆLFGAR Ealdorman of the Wilsaetas & his wife--- (Damerham, Wiltshire ----Shaftesbury Abbey [after 975/92], burShaftesbury Abbey). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle names "Æthelflæd ofDamerham, daughter of ealdorman Ælfgar" as queen of King Edmund in946[1701]. "Eadmundus rex" granted "Æthelflæd regina sua" lands inHampshire and Dorset by charter dated 943[1702]. She became a nun atShaftesbury Abbey. King Edmund & his first [wife] had two children: a) EADWIG ([940]-1 Oct 959, bur Winchester Cathedral)."Eaduuius filius regis" subscribed a charter of King Edmund dated941[1703]. As an infant, he was passed over for the succession in 946in favour of his uncle. "Eadwig rex" subscribed a charter of KingEdmund dated 946 and "Eadwig cliton" one of King Eadred dated956[1704]. He succeeded his uncle in 955 as EADWIG King of England,crowned [26] Jan 956 at Kingston-upon-Thames. The people of Merciaand Northumbria rebelled against him in 957 and elected his brotherEdgar king, after which the River Thames formed the boundary betweenthe two kingdoms[1705]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death 1Oct 959 of King Eadwig[1706]. m ([955], separated 958) ÆLFGIFU,daughter of [EADRIC & his wife Æthelgifu] (-Gloucester [Sep959][1707]). There is no direct proof that Ælfgifu whose will isdated to [966/75] was the same person as the wife of King Eadwig butthis looks likely. Ælfgifu and her husband were separated on groundsof consanguinity by Oda Archbishop of Canterbury[1708], but theprecise relationship has not been found. Weir dates the death ofÆlfgifu to [Sep 959][1709] but the source on which this is based isnot known and the date is inconsistent with the dating of the will.The will of "Ælfgifu" dated to [966/75] devises estates at Mongewelland Berkhampstead to "Ælfweard and Æthelweard and Ælfwaru", grants to"my sister Ælfwaru…all that I have lent her", and "to my brother'swife Æthelflæd the headband which I have lent her"[1710]. b) EDGAR ([943]-Winchester 8 Jul 975, bur Glastonbury Abbey).Florence of Worcester records the birth of "filium…Eadgarum" to "regiEadmundo…sua regina sancta Ælfgiva", undated but dateable to [943]from the context[1711]. Reuniting the kingdom on his brother's death,he succeeded in 959 as EDGAR "the Peaceable" King of England. - see below. 14. EADBURGA (-15 Jun 960, bur Nunnaminster Abbey, transferred toPershore Abbey, Worcestershire). Roger of Hoveden names her as thedaughter of King Edward by "regina Edgiva", although he alsoattributes the king's son Eadwin and three other daughters to theking's third marriage[1712]. The Book of Hyde names "sanctam EdburgamDeo dictam...[et] Edgivam" as the two daughters of King Eadweard byhis second wife "Edgiva", specifying that the former was buried "inmonasterio monialium Wyntoniæ"[1713]. A nun at Nunnaminster Abbey,Winchester. She was canonised as St Edburga of Winchester, feast day15 June[1714]. 15. EADGIFU ([921/23]-). The Book of Hyde names "sanctamEdburgam Deo dictam...[et] Edgivam" as the two daughters of KingEadweard by his second wife "Edgiva", specifying that the lattermarried "Aquitanorum principi Lodowyco"[1715]. According to Williamof Malmesbury, Eadgifu married "Louis Prince of Aquitaine", in a laterpassage specifying that he was a descendant of Charlemagne[1716]. Herhusband has not been identified. According to EuropäischeStammtafeln[1717], "Edgifa, daughter of Edward I King of England" wasthe wife of Ludwig Graf im Thurgau, son of Rudolf I King of UpperBurgundy & his wife Willa. This seems chronologically implausible asKing Rudolf's children were probably born between 880 and 900. IfGraf Ludwig married a daughter of King Eadweard, it is more likelythat she was Eadgifu's older half-sister Ælfgifu (see above). m ---. 16. EADRED ([924]-Frome 23 Nov 955, bur Winchester Cathedral)."Ædred/Eadredus frater regis" subscribed charters of Kings Æthelstanand Edmund dated between 931 and 944[1718]. "Eadredus rex" subscribeda charter of King Edmund dated 946[1719], which suggests that he ruledjointly with his brother before the latter's death. He succeeded hisbrother in 946 as EADRED King of England, crowned 16 Aug 946 atKingston-upon-Thames. The Northumbrians swore fealty to King Eadredin 949, rebelled later that year and elected Erik "Blodøks/Blood-axe"King of Norway as their king. Eadred laid waste the whole ofNorthumbria, during the course of which the monastery of Ripon wasburnt to the ground[1720]. He brought Northumbria back under hislordship in 954, installing Oswulf as under-King. King Alfred, underhis will probably dated [951/55], made a bequest to "my mother land atAmesbury, Wantage and Basing"[1721]. The Anglo-Saxon Chroniclerecords the death on St Clement's day in 955 of King Eadred at Frome,and his burial in Winchester Old Minster[1722]. [1621] Malmesbury II, 130, p. 113, and Florence of Worcester, 924, p.96. [1622] Roger of Hoveden I, p. 41. [1623] S 356, S 348 and S 355. [1624] S 350. [1625] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. [1626] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, C and D, 924. [1627] Roger of Hoveden I, p. 51. [1628] Florence of Worcester, 901, p. 86. [1629] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 109, and Malmesbury II, 139, pp. 122-3. [1630] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 111. [1631] Roger of Wendover, Vol. I, p. 368. [1632] Malmesbury II, 131, p. 113, though the chronicler is clearlysceptical about the claim. [1633] S 375 and S 378. [1634] According to Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110, Ælfleda was buried atWilton Abbey. [1635] S 363. [1636] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1637] Roger of Wendover, Vol. I, p. 368. [1638] S 465, S 470, S 477, S 487, S 488, S 516, S 491, S 519, S 558and S 562. [1639] S 959. [1640] S 517. [1641] S 562. [1642] S 811 and S 746. [1643] The birth of Edmund son of King Edmund "Ironsides", although hemay have been posthumous which could have justified a change in thenaming pattern. [1644] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 111. [1645] Florence of Worcester, 940, p. 98. [1646] Roger of Hoveden I, p. 51. [1647] S 366, S 375 and S 378. [1648] Malmesbury II, 133, p. 116. [1649] Stenton (2001), p. 339. [1650] Malmesbury II, 137, p. 121. [1651] Stenton (2001), p. 349. [1652] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A, 941, D, 940 and E, 940. [1653] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 111. [1654] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D, 925. [1655] Attwater (1970), p. 109. [1656] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110. [1657] William of Malmesbury 126, p. 110. [1658] Dugdale Monasticon II, Wilton Monastery, Wiltshire, I, De primaFundatione Wiltonensis Cœnobii, p. 320. [1659] Weir (2002), p. 13. [1660] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1661] William of Malmesbury 126, p. 110. [1662] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1663] Flodoard 951, MGH SS III, p. 401. [1664] S 375 and S 378. [1665] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1666] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110. [1667] Malmesbury II, 139, p. 123. [1668] Malmesbury II, 133, p. 116. [1669] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, Vol. I, p. 130. [1670] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D, 924. [1671] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1672] Malmesbury II, 139, p. 123. [1673] Simeon of Durham, p. 481. [1674] Annales Blandinienses 932, MGH SS V, p. 25. [1675] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110. [1676] William of Malmesbury 126, p. 110. [1677] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1678] William of Malmesbury 126, p. 110. [1679] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1680] Flodoard 926, MGH SS III, p. 377. [1681] McKitterick, R. (1983) Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians751-987 (Longman, London and New York), p. 314. [1682] This estimated birth date range is based on her son being bornin 930. [1683] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1684] Warner, D. A. (trans.) The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg(2001) (Manchester U niversity Press) 2.1, p. 90, and 2.3, p. 91. [1685] Annalista Saxo 936. [1686] Thietmar 2.3, p. 92. [1687] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1688] Hroswitha of Gandersheim, Gesta Ottonis, quoted in Hill, B. H.(1972) Medieval Monarchy in Action: The German Empire from Henry I toHenry IV (London, George Allen and Unwin), p. 122. [1689] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110. [1690] ES I.I 176. [1691] ES III 736. The precise source for the information is unclear. [1692] Florence of Worcester, 946, p. 99. [1693] S 414 and S 446. [1694] Florence of Worcester, 938, p. 97. [1695] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A and D, 946. [1696] Simeon of Durham, p. 504. [1697] Florence of Worcester, 946, p. 99. [1698] S 516. [1699] Weir (2002), p. 17. [1700] S 776. [1701] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D 946. [1702] S 513. [1703] S 477. [1704] S 515 and S 571. [1705] Florence of Worcester, 957, p. 101. [1706] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A, B, C and E, 959. [1707] Weir (2002), p. 19. [1708] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D, 958. [1709] Weir (2002), p. 19. [1710] S 1484, and Kelly, pp. 67-8. [1711] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, Vol. I, p. 133. [1712] Roger of Hoveden I, p. 51. [1713] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1714] Attwater (1970), p. 109. [1715] Liber Monasterii de Hyda XIV.4, p. 112. [1716] Malmesbury II, 126, p. 110, and II, 135, p. 119. The editor ofMalmesbury, p. 119, footnote 1, identifies him with Louis King ofArles, son of Boso, but this is unlikely given that King Louis died 5Jun 928. [1717] ES III 736. It is not clear what is the precise source for theinformation. [1718] S 414, S 446, S 459, S 461, S 465, S 470, S 477, S 487, S 488,S 516 and S 491. [1719] S 946. [1720] Florence of Worcester, 949 and 950, p. 99. [1721] EHD, 107, pp. 554-6. [1722] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D and E, 955.

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