Judith DE FRANCE
Characteristics
| Type | Value | Date | Place | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| name | Judith DE FRANCE |
[1]
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Events
| Type | Date | Place | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| death | after 870 |
[1]
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| birth | 844 |
[1]
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| marriage | 13. December 862 | Auxerre, County of Flanders
Find persons in this place |
[2]
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??spouses-and-children_en_US??
| Marriage | ??spouse_en_US?? | Children |
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13. December 862
Auxerre, County of Flanders |
Baudouin DE FLANDRE |
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Sources
| 1 | Foundation for Medieveal Geneology, Franks, Carolignian Kings: Chapter 2: Kings of the West Franks
Author: Charles Cawley
Publication: Name: Medeival Lands; Location: Oak House, Vowchurch, Hereford, HR20RB, England; Date: 2001-2011;
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| This document sets out the family of the Frankish kings and emperorsknown to history as the Carolingians until the division of the empireunder the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and thereafter the Carolingianrulers of the kingdom of the West Franks (France) until theirextinction in the male line in 987. The kings of Lotharingia andkings of the East Frankish kingdom (Germany), both also formed underthe 843 treaty, are shown in the documents LOTHARINGIA, KINGS, andGERMANY, KINGS & EMPERORS respectively. The Carolingian kings ofItaly and kings of Aquitaine are set out in the two documents ITALY,EMPERORS & KINGS, and AQUITAINE DUKES. All these documents arehyperlinked from this document. The Carolingian monarchy was established in 751 when Pépin "le Bref",maior domus of Childeric III, last king of the Merovingian dynasty(see the document FRANKS, MEROVINGIAN NOBILITY), deposed his nominallord and declared himself king with the support of the Papacy. Atthat time, the Frankish empire covered Francia (Austrasia andNeustria), Alemannia, Burgundy, Provence, Thuringia and thearchbishoprics of Metz and Trier. The territory of the empire wasconsiderably extended during the succeeding fifty years. King Pépinconquered Aquitaine in 768. King Charles I subjugated the ItalianLombard kingdom in 773, Friulia in 776, Saxony in 777, and the marchof Spain in 778. Bavaria and Carinthia were incorporated into theFrankish kingdom in 787, with full control over Alemannia, Hessen andThuringia being confirmed by 797. The Frankish empire was formallyestablished when Charles was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome in800. The inherent weakness of the Carolingian Frankish empire was thecontinual process of territorial division designed to placate juniormembers of the dynasty, although presumably some sort of regionalsub-rule was inevitable given the empire's geographic extent andethnic diversity. The tradition of dividing the territory betweenfamily members started when King Pépin died in 768, when his youngerson Carloman was granted Burgundy, Provence, Gothia [Septimania],Alsace and Swabia, while the older son Charles ruled in Neustria,Aquitaine and the larger part of Austrasia, although the kingdom wasreunited after Carloman died in 771. Emperor Charles formalisedanother division in 806, under which his oldest son Charles ruledAustrasia, Neustria, northern Burgundy, northern Alemannia, Thuringia,Saxony, Frisia and the Bavarian Nordgau, his second son Pépin wasconfirmed as king of Italy and in addition received Bavaria, Carinthia(except Nordgau) and Alemannia south of the river Danube, while thethird son Louis became sovereign of Aquitaine, Gascony, Septimania,Provence and southern Burgundy. This territorial split was alsoshort-lived as the two older sons predeceased their father. Thenumerous territorial divisions promulgated by Emperor Louis I wereparticularly controversial, especially after his youngest son by hissecond marriage was brought into the picture in 829 when he wasinvested with Alemannia, Rhætia, Alsace and part of Burgundy at theage of six. The following ten years saw civil war between theemperor's four sons, only finally settled by the Treaty of Verdun in843 which brought about the final division of the empire into thethree separate kingdoms of the West Franks (France), the East Franks(Germany), and Lotharingia, an artificial creation between the othertwo kingdoms stretching from the North Sea coast in the north to Italyin the south. After the 843 partition, the imperial title was retained by the seniorLotharingian/Italian branch of the dynasty until the death of EmperorLouis II (see ITALY, EMPERORS & KINGS) without male heirs in 875.After this date, the title was borne by his youngest paternal uncle,Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks. On his death twoyears later, it passed to the East Frankish branch (see GERMANY, KINGS& EMPERORS), with whom it remained until the extinction of the dynastyin the male line in 911. A striking feature of the genealogy of the Carolingian dynasty is theabsence of detailed information concerning the daughters of thefamily. The examples are numerous: Gisela, daughter of King Pépin, about whose possible marriage there issome speculation. the relationships of three of the daughters of Emperor Charlemagne(none of whom married their lovers, it would appear). the daughters of Emperor Louis I. the four younger daughters of Emperor Charles II "le Chauve" by hisfirst wife. two of the daughters of Louis III "le Bègue" King of the West Franks. The case of Frederuna, first wife of Charles III "le Simple" King ofthe West Franks, is also interesting as only sketchy information isknown about her origin (although presumably she was from a prominentfamily), and very little is known about her six daughters. Presumably some, if not all, of these Carolingian princessescontracted marriages with the nobility and left descendants, althoughfew hints concerning such descents are provided in the primary sourcesso far consulted. This absence of information is curious as theprestige of descent from the Carolingian dynasty was such that latersources frequently refer indirectly to such descents, but withoutgiving enough detail to reassure the researcher about the accuracy ofthe assertion. Two such dubious cases have been included in thisdocument, in square brackets to indicate doubt: firstly, thedescendants of Chunibert, supposed grandson of King Pépin, andsecondly the possible descent of the Udalrichinger counts in northernSwitzerland from an otherwise unknown sister of Charles II "le Chauve"King of the West Franks. It is also possible that descents in the male line exist from theillegitimate sons of the Carolingian emperors and kings. For example,Arnoul, illegitimate son of Emperor Louis I who installed him as Comtede Sens, may have married and had children about whom nothing isrevealed in the sources. The same is true of Arnoul and Drogo,illegitimate sons of Charles III "le Simple" King of the West Franks,about whom only their names and parentage are known from the primarysources. | |
| 2 | Foundation for Medieveal Geneology, Flanders, Counts: Chapter 1: Counts of Flanders 863-1191
Author: Charles Cawley
Publication: Name: Medeival Lands; Location: Oak House, Vowchurch, Hereford, HR20RB, England; Date: 2001-2011;
|
| The county of Flanders took its name from the Carolingian pagusflandrensis, located around Bruges, the countship of which was grantedto Baudouin I in 863 by Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Frankswhose daughter he had abducted. Before this date, the seniorgoverning figure in the area was apparently the "forestier", in otherwords the "controller" of the forests, a post held successively bysome of Baudouin's supposed ancestors, although both their existenceand, if they did exist, the extent of their authority is subject todebate[1]. The possible ancestry of Baudouin I Count of Flanders isset out in Chapter 1.A below. None of the individuals named isreferred to in surviving contemporary primary sources, although it isimpossible to assess whether the later sources were based on earlierdocumentation which has since disappeared. Information relating tothese individuals is incomplete and, in part, contradictory. Theearlier generations of Count Baudouin's alleged ancestors are referredto as counts at Harlabecce, presumably Harlebeke on the outskirts ofCourtrai. It is assumed that, if they were historical people, theywere minor lords whose jurisdiction was limited to a small area. Itis probable that the title "count" was attributed to themretrospectively by the later sources in order to boost the standing ofthe comital family of Flanders. No reference to a pagusHarlabeccensis has been found: in particular it is not included amongthe Flemish pagi which are described by Vanderkindere[2]. StewartBaldwin, in his detailed analysis of all references to theseindividuals, has concluded that the ancestry is "legendary" and shouldbe rejected as "an eleventh century invention", although heacknowledges that there is still a chance that the entries in theAnnales Blandinienses are based on genuine information[3]. It is alsointeresting to observe that none of the names of these supposed earlycounts is found among the descendants of Count Baudouin, although thisdoes not provide conclusive proof of the unreliability of theancestry. Although the names and relationships of these individualsare referred to in a wide range of sources, the ancestry is shown inthe present document in square brackets, indicating that theinformation should be treated with caution. Baudouin I Count of Flanders, and his successors until 1128, are shownin Chapter 1.B of the present document. Vanderkindere suggests thatthe original royal grant of territory to Count Baudouin I was limitedto the doyennés of Bruges, Oudenburg and Aardenburg[4]. The grant wassubsequently expanded to include Ternois, the land of Waas and the layabbacy of St Peter of Gent[5]. Count Baudouin II expanded histerritory into Courtrai, seized control of the counties of Boulogneand Ternois, and acquired the lay abbacy of St Bertin. Furtherterritorial expansion was undertaken by Arnoul I Count of Flanders,who also seized the abbacy of St Vaast. These abbacies of St Bertin(near St Omer), St Vaast (in Arras), and St Peter and St Bavo in Gentwere founded during the period of gradual christianisation of Flandersand evolved into powerful local communities with extensivelandholdings. This process of evolution was presumably facilitated bytheir relative remoteness from the headquarters of the Frencharchbishopric of Reims, whose ecclesiastical jurisdiction includingthe county of Flanders. The four monasteries claimed immunity fromsecular control, but the counts of Flanders engineered their ownappointment as lay abbots, acquired this control for themselves, andthereby consolidated their own position of power within the county. The territories of the early Flemish counts were referred tocollectively as "Flanders" in contemporary documentation only from theearly 1000s. The county of Flanders developed into an importantbuffer state between France and Germany, as shown by the numeroushigh-profile dynastic marriages arranged between the comital familyand prominent French and German royal and noble families. Vanderkindere describes the approximate boundaries of the Carolingianpagi which eventually constituted the county of Flanders[6]. Theoriginal pagus Flandrensis covered the three doyennés of Bruges,Oudenburg and Aardenburg referred to above, in which were located thetowns of Bruges, Iseghem, Thielt and Thourout. It is possible thatthe doyenné and town of Roulers was also included. The pagus wasbound to the north by the North Sea, to the west by the river Yserupstream of Diksmuide, and located west of the town of Gent. Thepagus Gandensis lay east of the pagus Flandrensis, south of Waasland,and north of the river Schelde/Escaut. The pagus Curtracensis lay tothe south between the rivers Escaut and Lys, included the monastery ofBlandin, and covered the doyennés of Courtrai, Helchin and Oudenaarde.The pagus Tornacensis was east of the pagus Curtracensis and theriver Escaut/Schelde, south of the river Espierre and north of therivers Elnon and Pévèle. The county also included the area known asMempisque, which comprised the pagus Mempiscus (on the North Sea coastbetween the rivers Aa and Yser), the pagus Pabula (between the riverMarcq in the west, the Scarpe to the south, and the Elno and the pagusTornacensis to the east), the pagus Caribantus (south of the riverLys, west of the pagus Medenentensis, east of the pagus Leticus, andnorth of the upper Deule river), and the pagus Medenentensis (east ofthe pagus Caribantus, west of the river Marcq, south of the riverLys). The core territory of the county of Flanders remained under thesuzerainty of the French kings. To improve their defence against thekings of Germany, the counts expanded their territory eastwards, intothe area between the rivers Schelde and Dender, which included theimportant abbey of Bavo. This area was strongly fortified by thecounts. In response, Emperor Otto II dug a canal, known as the"Ottogracht", from Gent to the western Schelde[7], bringing the areaof imperial jurisdiction nearer to the town of Gent. The emperor alsoclaimed the land of Waas on the left bank near the estuary[8]. This area to the east of the orignal territory of the county ofFlanders evolved into the "march" of Flanders, under imperialjurisdiction, although the precise process of this evolution is farfrom clear. Nicholas states that Emperor Otto II established marcheson the right bank of the river Schelde, from Valenciennes in the southto Antwerp in the north, to counter the perceived threat from Franceduring the early part of the reign of Arnoul II Count of Flanders[9].However, this represents a simplification of a complex situation.There were four areas of "march": the march of Valenciennes in the south, probably established in the970s/980s, although the precise date is open to debate as discussedfurther in the introduction to Chapter 2 of the document HAINAUT. the march of Eenham, in the western part of Brabant, which was awardedto Godefroi Comte de Verdun. The Epistolæ Bambergenses name"Gottefredus et Arnulfus marchiones" among those who sent contingentsfor the Italian expedition of 980[10], probably referring to GodefroiComte de Verdun et de Hainaut as marquis d'Eenham, and Arnoul deCambrai as marquis de Valenciennes. the march of Antwerp in the north, which was established severaldecades later. The first mention of Antwerp as a county is thecharter of Heinrich II King of Germany dated 1008, which names Gozelon(of the family of the comtes de Verdun, see the document UPPERLOTHARINGIA, NOBILITY), as count of Antwerp[11]. By 1023, whenGozelon was installed as duke of Lower Lotharingia, he was referred toin other documentation with the title marchio. the march of Flanders itself, whose development will now be discussedbriefly. Arnoul I Count of Flanders was referred to as "marchisus" from theearly 940s, some forty years before the establishment of the marchesof Valenciennes and Eenham: "Arnulfus…regis…marchysus" restoredproperty to Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated 8 Jul 942[12]. Thedating clause of this document refers to "regnante Hludowico…filioregis Karoli": it is therefore certain that "regis" in the titleattributed to Arnoul refers to the king of the West Franks not theking of Germany. McKitterick states that, after swearing allegianceto Lothaire King of the West Franks in [962], the latter awarded CountArnoul I the title marchio[13]. However, the 8 Jul 942 charterindicates that the award was in fact made some two decades earlier.At that stage, therefore, the title born by the count of Flanders wasin no way derived from any occupation of the "march" of Flanders underimperial/German suzerainty. The earliest reference to a German"march" award is dated to [1045], when Heinrich III King of Germanyinstalled the son of Count Baudouin V as count in the march ofAntwerp[14], although it is unclear whether the title "marchio" wasconferred on him at the same time. Although the position wasconfiscated within five years after a disagreement between the countand the emperor, the counts of Flanders continued to use the title"marchio", which from that time could be said to be derived both fromFrench and German creations. It is possible that the imperial "march"of Flanders itself developed after the mid-11th century, maybe as aconsolidation of territory which was formally part of the other threeimperial marches which are referred to above. Whatever the preciseprocess by which the march of Flanders evolved, by the late 11thcentury the counts of Flanders were firmly established in thatterritory and therefore owed allegiance to the French king for thewestern part of their county and to the German emperor for the easternpart. The balancing of pressures from these two powerful suzerainsprovided a constant challenge for the Flemish counts throughout theirsubsequent history. The fact of the county of Flanders being pulled in two directions wasalso reflected in its ecclesiastical development. No independentFlemish archbishopric was ever created, the county remaining withinthe ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the archbishopric of Reims. Thearea of the original county of Flanders lay within the bishoprics ofArras, Cambrai (an archbishopric from the 16th century, when it wassubdivided into the bishoprics of Antwerp and Mechelen), Thérouanne(later divided into the bishoprics of Boulogne, Ypres and St Omer) andTournai (from which Bruges and Gent were established as separatebishoprics in the 16th century)[15]. In imperial Flanders,ecclesiastical jurisdiction lay within the bishopric of Utrecht, underthe archiepiscopal province of Köln. The bipartisan nature of Flanders can be traced to an even earlierperiod, especially in relation to the language division which persistsin present-day Belgium and which is traceable to dual Gallic/Germanicsettlement of the area from the 5th century. From the point of viewof the Romans in Gaul, the territory represented the northernmostoutpost of their domain and settlement was sparse in consequence.From the German side, Salian Franks moved westwards into Flanders,settling in the valleys of the Leie and Schelde rivers. They werefollowed in the 6th century by Saxons and Frisians from the north.During these early centuries there appears to have been muchoverlapping of settlements, which means that the language frontiermust at that time have been far from settled. The early developmentof the area is summarised by Nicholas[16]. The county of Flanders passed through the female line to the family ofthe dukes of Lorraine in 1128, shown in Chapter 1.C. This familycontinued to rule Flanders until 1191 when the county passed, bymarriage, to the senior branch of the family of the earliest Flemishcounts who ruled as comtes de Hainaut (see Chapter 2). Another changeof dynasty occurred in 1244 when Flanders passed to the seigneurs deDampierre who maintained power until 1405 (see Chapter 3). By aseries of dynastic marriages, control over Flanders passed to theValois-Capet dukes of Burgundy (see the document BURGUNDY DUCHY,DUKES), who also acquired control over most of the other counties andduchies in what is today referred to as the Benelux area. By anotherdynastic twist, all the Burgundian territories in the Low Countriespassed to the Habsburg family as a result of the marriage of Marie,daughter and heiress of the last Valois duke of Burgundy, to ArchdukeMaximilian in 1477. [1] Bertin, J. and Vallée G. (1876) Etude sur les forestiers deFlandre et l'établissement du comté héréditaire de Flandre, reviewedin Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes Tome 38 (1877), p. 622, andWauters 'Les forestiers de Flandre' Bulletin Académique 2e série tomeXXVI and 3e série tome IX, p. 181, cited in Vanderkindere, A. (1902)La formation territoriale des principautés belges au moyen-âge(Brussels), Vol. 1, p. 37. Neither of these works has yet beenconsulted. [2] Vanderkindere (1902), Vol. 1, p. 279. [3] Stewart Baldwin, postings to soc.genealogy.medieval, 6 Jun 2006,available at <http://tinyurl.com/rdwj6, http://tinyurl.com/mzgoh,http://tinyurl.com/mb7xp and http://tinyurl.com/nlwba> (16 Jul 2006). [4] Vanderkindere (1902), Vol. 1, p. 36. [5] Nicholas, D. (1992) Medieval Flanders (Longman), p. 17. [6] Vanderkindere (1902), Vol. 1, pp. 279-84. [7] Iohannis de Thilrode Chronicon 8, MGH SS XXV, p. 563. [8] Nicholas (1992), p. 44. [9] Nicholas (1992), p. 44. [10] Epistolæ Bambergenses, Bibliotheca rerum germanicarum V, p. 472,quoted in Vanderkindere (1902), Vol. II, p. 75. [11] D H II 186, p. 221. [12] Gand Saint-Pierre, 14, p. 20, and Fayen, A. (1906) Cartulaire dela ville de Gand, Chartes et documents T. I, Liber traditionum sanctiPetri Blandiniensis (Gand) ("Liber traditionum sancti PetriBlandiniensis"), 65, p. 68. [13] McKitterick, R. (1983) Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians751-987 (Longman, London and New York), p. 322. [14] Nicholas (1992), pp. 49-50. [15] Sinclair, S. (1985) Atlas de Géographie Historique de la Franceet de la Gaule (Paris), p. 182. [16] Nicholas (1992), pp. 1-11. |
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