Carloman DE FRANCE
Characteristics
| Type | Value | Date | Place | Sources |
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| name | Carloman DE FRANCE |
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| title | Pepin King of Italy |
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Events
| Type | Date | Place | Sources |
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| death | 8. July 810 | Milan, Kingdom of Italty, Holy Roman Empire
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| burial | San Zeno Maggiore, Verona
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| birth | 777 |
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| Ascension | 15. April 781 | Rome, Patrimony of Saint Peter
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[2]
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Notes for this person
Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy CARLOMAN [Pepin], son of CHARLES I King of the Franks & his secondwife Hildegard (777-Milan 8 Jul 810, bur Verona, San Zeno Maggiore)."Pippinus" is named, and his parentage recorded, in the GestaMettensium, which specifies that he was his parents' second son[614].He was baptised "PEPIN" in Rome 15 Apr 781 by Pope Hadrian, Settipanicommenting that his name was changed from Carloman[615] but theprimary source which identifies him by this name has not so far beenidentified. He was crowned PEPIN King of Italy 15 Apr 781 atRome[616], named King of the Lombards and installed at Pavia, rulingunder the regency of Adalhard. He invaded the duchy of Benevento inearly 793. The 796 victory of "rex Pippinus" against the Avars led by"Cacanus rex" (which reflects the title "Khagan" not his name) iscommemorated in a contemporary poem[617]. The Annales Fuldensesrecord that "Ehericum ducem Foroiuliensem, deinde…Pippinum filiumregis" captured the camp of "Hunorum…Hringum" in 796, specifying that"Cagan et Iugurro principibus Hunorum" were killed by their ownpeople[618]. At the partition of the empire agreed at Thionville in806, Pepin was designated sovereign of Italy, Bavaria, Carinthia(except Nordgau) and Alemannia south of the River Danube. Hesubjugated Istria, the towns of Dalmatia, and Venice in [810][619].The Annales Fuldenses record the death "810 VIII Id Iul" of "Pippinumfilius eius regem Italiæ"[620]. The Annales Sancti Emmerammi recordthe death "810 Id Iul" of "Pippinus"[621]. Mistress (1): (from [795]) --- . Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatorisrecords that Pepin's son Bernard was born "…ex concubina"[622].However, other sources do not refer to the fact that he wasillegitimate. The question is not beyond doubt. Assuming that he wasillegitimate, the name of King Pepin's mistress is not known.Settipani quotes a name list in the Liber confraternitatum augiensiswhich reads "Karolus maior domus, Pippin rex, Karlomannus maior domus,Karolus imperator, Karolus rex, Pippin rex, Bernardus rex, Ruadtrud,Ruadheid, Svanahild regina, Bertha regina, Hiltikart regina, Fastratregina, Liutkart regina, Ruadheid, Hirminkar regina"[623]. He makesthe obvious links between "Karolus maior domus…Svanahild regina","Pippin rex…Bertha regina" and "Karolus imperator…Hiltikart regina,Fastrat regina, Liutkart regina", deducing that the last named"Ruadheid" must be linked logically to "Pippin rex". However, thislink is not inevitable. It is based on three assumptions: firstlythat the second "Pippin rex" was Pepin King of Italy (he is the mostlikely candidate, but it could also be Pepin King of Aquitaine, son ofEmperor Louis I); secondly that there are no female names linkedeither to "Karolus rex" or to "Bernardus rex", which cannot be proved;and thirdly, that all the females listed were partners of the maleslisted, which is certainly not the case in view of the absence ofEmperor Louis I "le Pieux" who is assumed to be the husband of"Hirminkar regina". Rösch suggests Bertha as the possible name ofKing Pepin's wife, citing Stromeyer[624]. Settipani suggests that shewas a close relative of Adalhard Abbé de Corbie and his half-brotherWala to explain the appointment of the former as regent for her sonBernard King of Italy in 813. King Pepin had one illegitimate child by Mistress (1): 1. BERNARD ([797]-Milan 17 Aug 818, bur Milan, San Ambrosio).Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Bernhardus filius Pippiniex concubina"[625]. He was confirmed 11 Sep 813 at Aix-la-Chapelle asBERNARD I King of Italy. - see below. King Pepin had five [illegitimate] children by [Mistress (1)].Einhard, who names these daughters, makes no mention of whether theywere legitimate or not. If they were illegitimate, it is not knownwhether they were full sisters of Bernard. 2. ADELAIS ([798]-after 810). "Adailhaidem, Atulam,Guntradam, Berthaidem ac Theoderadam" are named as daughters of Pippinby Einhard[626]. She was taken from Italy to the imperial court in807[627]. same person as…? AEDA . The Carmen de Primordiis CœnobiiGandersheimensis names the wife of "Liudulfus" as "Oda…Francorum…destirpe potentum, filia Billungi…atque Aedæ"[628]. Her precise originis mentioned in the charter dated 885 by which "Oda comitissa, Pipiniregis Italiæ ex filia neptis, Hliudolfi Ducis vidua" founded KlosterCalbe an der Milde, although the accuracy of this document is notknown[629]. m BILLUNG, son of ---. 3. ADULA ([800/810]-after 810). "Adailhaidem, Atulam,Guntradam, Berthaidem ac Theoderadam" are named as daughters of Pippinby Einhard[630]. She arrived at the imperial court before 814. 4. GUNTRADA ([800/810]-after 810). "Adailhaidem, Atulam,Guntradam, Berthaidem ac Theoderadam" are named as daughters of Pippinby Einhard[631]. She arrived at the imperial court before 814. 5. BERTAIDE ([800/810]-after 810). "Adailhaidem, Atulam,Guntradam, Berthaidem ac Theoderadam" are named as daughters of Pippinby Einhard[632]. She arrived at the imperial court before 814. 6. THEODRADA ([800/810]-after 810). "Adailhaidem, Atulam,Guntradam, Berthaidem ac Theoderadam" are named as daughters of Pippinby Einhard[633]. She arrived at the imperial court before 814.[According to Winkhaus[634], one of the last four daughters marriedLAMBERT I Comte de Nantes, son of WIDO Comte et Marquis de Nantes &his wife --- (-Ticino 30 Dec 836), but the source on which this isbased has not been identified.] [614] Pauli Gesta Episcop. Mettensium, MGH SS II, p. 265. [615] Settipani (1993), p. 211. [616] RFA 781, p. 59. [617] Tituli Sæculi VIII, XI De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica, MGHPoetæ Latini ævi Carolini I, p. 116. [618] Annales Fuldenses 796, MGH SS I, p. 351. [619] Settipani (1993), p. 211. [620] Annales Fuldenses 810, MGH SS I, p. 355. [621] Annales Sancti Emmerammi Ratisponensis maiores 810, MGH SS I, p.93. [622] Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 22, MGH SS II, p. 596. [623] Settipani (1993), pp. 167-8, quoting Liber confraternitatumaugiensis, MGH Lib Confr II, 460, p. 292. [624] Rösch, S. (1977) Caroli Magni Progenies (Verlag Degener & Co,Neustadt an der Aisch), p. 67, citing Stromeyer, M. (1963/67)Merian-Ahnen aus dreizehn Jahrhunderten (C.A. Starke). [625] Thegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris 22, MGH SS II, p. 596. [626] Einhard 19, p. 454. [627] Settipani (1993), p. 212. [628] Carmen de Primordiis Cœnobii Gandersheimensis, MGH SS IV, p.306. [629] Riedel Mark 1 [the full reference is not given], p. 25, quotedin Raumer, G. W. von (1836) Regesta Historiæ Brandenburgensis, Tome I(Berlin), p. 24. [630] Einhard 19, p. 454. [631] Einhard 19, p. 454. [632] Einhard 19, p. 454. [633] Einhard 19, p. 454. [634] Winkhaus, E. 'Ahnen zu Karl dem Großen und Widukind' in 765(773) Ahnenstämmen (1950-53), cited in Rösch (1977), p. 67. Thismarriage is not in Settipani (1993), p. 212.
Sources
| 1 | Foundation for Medieveal Geneology, Franks, Carolignian Kings: Chapter 1: Kings of the Franks 751-840
Author: Charles Cawley
Publication: Name: Medeival Lands; Location: Oak House, Vowchurch, Hereford, HR20RB, England; Date: 2001-2011;
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| This document sets out the family of the Frankish kings and emperorsknown to history as the Carolingians until the division of the empireunder the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and thereafter the Carolingianrulers of the kingdom of the West Franks (France) until theirextinction in the male line in 987. The kings of Lotharingia andkings of the East Frankish kingdom (Germany), both also formed underthe 843 treaty, are shown in the documents LOTHARINGIA, KINGS, andGERMANY, KINGS & EMPERORS respectively. The Carolingian kings ofItaly and kings of Aquitaine are set out in the two documents ITALY,EMPERORS & KINGS, and AQUITAINE DUKES. All these documents arehyperlinked from this document. The Carolingian monarchy was established in 751 when Pépin "le Bref",maior domus of Childeric III, last king of the Merovingian dynasty(see the document FRANKS, MEROVINGIAN NOBILITY), deposed his nominallord and declared himself king with the support of the Papacy. Atthat time, the Frankish empire covered Francia (Austrasia andNeustria), Alemannia, Burgundy, Provence, Thuringia and thearchbishoprics of Metz and Trier. The territory of the empire wasconsiderably extended during the succeeding fifty years. King Pépinconquered Aquitaine in 768. King Charles I subjugated the ItalianLombard kingdom in 773, Friulia in 776, Saxony in 777, and the marchof Spain in 778. Bavaria and Carinthia were incorporated into theFrankish kingdom in 787, with full control over Alemannia, Hessen andThuringia being confirmed by 797. The Frankish empire was formallyestablished when Charles was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome in800. The inherent weakness of the Carolingian Frankish empire was thecontinual process of territorial division designed to placate juniormembers of the dynasty, although presumably some sort of regionalsub-rule was inevitable given the empire's geographic extent andethnic diversity. The tradition of dividing the territory betweenfamily members started when King Pépin died in 768, when his youngerson Carloman was granted Burgundy, Provence, Gothia [Septimania],Alsace and Swabia, while the older son Charles ruled in Neustria,Aquitaine and the larger part of Austrasia, although the kingdom wasreunited after Carloman died in 771. Emperor Charles formalisedanother division in 806, under which his oldest son Charles ruledAustrasia, Neustria, northern Burgundy, northern Alemannia, Thuringia,Saxony, Frisia and the Bavarian Nordgau, his second son Pépin wasconfirmed as king of Italy and in addition received Bavaria, Carinthia(except Nordgau) and Alemannia south of the river Danube, while thethird son Louis became sovereign of Aquitaine, Gascony, Septimania,Provence and southern Burgundy. This territorial split was alsoshort-lived as the two older sons predeceased their father. Thenumerous territorial divisions promulgated by Emperor Louis I wereparticularly controversial, especially after his youngest son by hissecond marriage was brought into the picture in 829 when he wasinvested with Alemannia, Rhætia, Alsace and part of Burgundy at theage of six. The following ten years saw civil war between theemperor's four sons, only finally settled by the Treaty of Verdun in843 which brought about the final division of the empire into thethree separate kingdoms of the West Franks (France), the East Franks(Germany), and Lotharingia, an artificial creation between the othertwo kingdoms stretching from the North Sea coast in the north to Italyin the south. After the 843 partition, the imperial title was retained by the seniorLotharingian/Italian branch of the dynasty until the death of EmperorLouis II (see ITALY, EMPERORS & KINGS) without male heirs in 875.After this date, the title was borne by his youngest paternal uncle,Charles II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks. On his death twoyears later, it passed to the East Frankish branch (see GERMANY, KINGS& EMPERORS), with whom it remained until the extinction of the dynastyin the male line in 911. A striking feature of the genealogy of the Carolingian dynasty is theabsence of detailed information concerning the daughters of thefamily. The examples are numerous: Gisela, daughter of King Pépin, about whose possible marriage there issome speculation. the relationships of three of the daughters of Emperor Charlemagne(none of whom married their lovers, it would appear). the daughters of Emperor Louis I. the four younger daughters of Emperor Charles II "le Chauve" by hisfirst wife. two of the daughters of Louis III "le Bègue" King of the West Franks. The case of Frederuna, first wife of Charles III "le Simple" King ofthe West Franks, is also interesting as only sketchy information isknown about her origin (although presumably she was from a prominentfamily), and very little is known about her six daughters. Presumably some, if not all, of these Carolingian princessescontracted marriages with the nobility and left descendants, althoughfew hints concerning such descents are provided in the primary sourcesso far consulted. This absence of information is curious as theprestige of descent from the Carolingian dynasty was such that latersources frequently refer indirectly to such descents, but withoutgiving enough detail to reassure the researcher about the accuracy ofthe assertion. Two such dubious cases have been included in thisdocument, in square brackets to indicate doubt: firstly, thedescendants of Chunibert, supposed grandson of King Pépin, andsecondly the possible descent of the Udalrichinger counts in northernSwitzerland from an otherwise unknown sister of Charles II "le Chauve"King of the West Franks. It is also possible that descents in the male line exist from theillegitimate sons of the Carolingian emperors and kings. For example,Arnoul, illegitimate son of Emperor Louis I who installed him as Comtede Sens, may have married and had children about whom nothing isrevealed in the sources. The same is true of Arnoul and Drogo,illegitimate sons of Charles III "le Simple" King of the West Franks,about whom only their names and parentage are known from the primarysources. | |
| 2 | Foundation for Medieveal Geneology, Italy, Emperors and Kings - Chapter 4: Kings of Italty 774-887
Author: Charles Cawley
Publication: Name: Medeival Lands; Location: Oak House, Vowchurch, Hereford, HR20RB, England; Date: 2001-2011;
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| This document shows in detail the families of the later Roman emperorsafter the accession of Emperor Valentinian I in 364, the Ostrogothkings of Italy who ruled from 476 to 552, and the Lombard kings whoruled during the following two hundred years. Thereafter, thefamilies of the Carolingian kings who ruled only in Italy are shown indetail, those whose main kingdoms lay elsewhere are referred to inoutline form only to demonstrate how the title passed between thevarious members of the family. Lastly, the kings of Italy from thesucceeding dynasties are shown, in most cases in outline form only astheir complete families are set out in other documents. The kingdom of Italy was first created in 476, from the remnants ofthe Roman empire. It continued in existence, restricted to thenorthern part of the Italian peninsula, during the 6th to 10thcenturies under the Ostrogoths, the Lombards and the dynasties of theCarolingians and their successors. After 963, northern Italy wasadministered as part of the Holy Roman Empire. Italy was not finallyunited until well into the 19th century, under the leadership of thekings of Sardinia of the family of the counts of Savoy. The administrative influence of the Roman empire over western andsouthern Europe was diminishing by the early 5th century. The declinewas hastened by outside pressure from the so-called barbarians ofeastern Europe, strengthening regional identities within the empirenotably in Gaul led by the Merovingian Frankish monarchy, and internalpolitical squabbling. The lack of internal cohesion within thefailing empire is reflected by the accession of nine emperors in thethirty year period which followed the murder of Emperor ValentinianIII in 455, all from different families and only four of whom wereborn in Italy. The division of the empire into its eastern andwestern components, first formalised by Emperor Valentinian I in 364,was a further factor which contributed to decline, although it enabledimperial government to survive in the east long after the empire inthe west had disintegrated. Romulus "Augustulus", last Roman emperor in the West, was deposed in476. By this time the western empire was considered of suchirrelevance that his successor Odoacar the Goth declared himself kingof Italy only, the first time the separate existence of Italy as apolitical entity was recognised. The Italian Ostrogoth kingdomsurvived until 552, nominally within the Roman empire which was notlegally abolished. The sole remaining emperor continued to rule inthe east from Constantinople (see the document BYZANTIUM 395-1057),although the Byzantines retained outposts on the Italian mainland wellinto the 11th century. After the death of the last Ostrogoth king,direct imperial rule was nominally restored. It was challenged by theLombards who arrived in Italy from Hungary on the invitation ofNarses, the imperial administrator. Alboin was crowned first Lombard king in Italy at Milan in 572, laterestablishing Pavia as his capital. Lombard rule continued in northernItaly until 774, when the Carolingian Frankish King Charles I (laterEmperor Charlemagne) invaded, deposed King Desiderius and proclaimedhimself king of Italy. By this time, autonomous Lombard duchies werewell established in the southern half of the peninsula in Benevento,Naples, Salerno (see the document SOUTHERN ITALY (1)) and Spoleto (seeCENTRAL ITALY), separated from northern Italy by the expanding centralItalian Papal territories which represented another obstacle to thenorthern kings imposing their authority throughout the country.Despite the best efforts of the Carolingian kings, particularly LouisKing of Italy who attempted to provide better protection for Romeafter the Arab sack of 846 as well as extend his authority into theLombard duchies in the south, the new dynasty never succeeded inestablishing its authority throughout the Italian peninsula. Afterthe death of King Louis in 875, the Italian crown passed toCarolingian monarchs from the line of Ludwig II "der Deutsche" King ofthe East Franks, until Emperor Charles III who was deposed in 887. For the following 70 years, the Italian throne passed between thefamilies of the dukes of Friulia, the dukes of Spoleto and theBurgundian dynasties, its authority being further weakened bycompetition between the rival candidates. This period of politicalweakness and uncertainty culminated in the invasions of Italy by OttoI King of Germany in 951 and 961, the coronation of King Otto asemperor in 962, and his deposition of Berengar King of Italy in 963.Henceforth the northern Italian kingdom (north of the Papalterritories) was administered as part of the Holy Roman Empire. Imperial authority in northern Italy had weakened by the mid-12thcentury, enabling the northern Lombard cities to establishconsiderable local autonomy, formalised in the Treaty of Konstanzwhich was agreed in 1183 by Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa". Asingle local dynasty was never able to establish control over northernItaly. Each city developed its own system of administration under itsown separate leadership, although by the 14th and 15th centuries manylocal families such as the Este and Gonzaga had in effect createdtheir own principalities around the cities which they controlled. I am grateful to Morris Bierbrier for providing reference numbers fromthe Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire ("PLRE")[1], (marked"[MB]") which has not yet been consulted directly. |
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